Misplaced Government Spending Essay - 1099 Words

Misplaced Government Spending I am proud to say that I live in America, the land of opportunity. I am proud to live in one of the richest countries in the world. I guess you could say that I am a proud American. What other government has a national budget of $2 trillion? People say money cant buy happiness, but I disagree. The reason people say money doesn?t buy happiness is because they are spending it on the wrong things. Of the $2 trillion at the government?s disposal, $355.4 billion is spent on the military every year. I know that our President must fight terrorism and wants to spend billions of dollars in order to keep American citizens safe; however I don?t think that spending almost a billion dollars a day on military defense is†¦show more content†¦Which means that these sources are paying around $658.8 billion dollars a year and the federal government contributes the other 10% (www.ed.gov). This includes expenditures not only from the Department of Education, but also from other federal agencies , including the Department of Health and Human Services Head Start program, which is a comprehensive child development program that serves children from birth to age 5, pregnant women, and their families. They are child-focused programs and have the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families (http://www2.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb), and the Department of Agricultures School Lunch Program which provides nutritionally balanced, low cost or free lunches to more than 25 million students each school day (http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/ default.htm). When these are subtracted, the Department of Education is left with 6% of the total education spending. Which in turn is $55.8 billion dollars and 2.7% of the federal governments budget of $2 trillion. Despite this large amount of money spent on the American education system, it is still not a reflection its quality. Perhaps if the government were to trim the fat on their national defense budget which will reach $451 billion by 2007, there might be hope for the education system in our country. Instead of spendingShow MoreRelatedThe United Kingdoms Spilt And How It Affects Their Gdp1773 Words   |  8 PagesThe United Kingdom’s Spilt and how it affects their GDP It is the responsibility of every government to defend its citizens in all matters when it comes to maintaining the economy. Every economy comes against different challenges including the business cycles that may stem from the world market. In this essay I will try to explain the actions taken by the United Kingdoms’ union government in trying to make sure that the economy profits from all citizens and reduce the whole load to it. I will considerRead MoreThe Debt Crisis Of The American Nation And All Around The World1476 Words   |  6 PagesIn the American nation and all around the world, the spending is increasing and the revenues of the households are falling (Truth, 2010). It was noticed in the year 2010 that the spending was about 24 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) hence this has made the federal budget to increase drastically from 33 percent to 62 percent in the year 2010. Therefore, another reason for the â€Å"debt crisis† is because of the federal spending which is projected to increase at a father rather than the rateRead MoreThe Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It1342 Words   |  6 Pagesis used in treating some of these diseases and there is no guarantee that the disease will be totally suppressed. The private sector spends more on health care and the government provides funds in enhancing the health sector. The aspect of spending more in health than in food triggers massive debate. The U.S. sees exorbitant spending on health care is an indicator of growth. Why not invest more in the food industry and spend more on the most nutritious diets? With this, you not only preventRead MoreMilitary Industrial Complex ( Mic )902 Words   |  4 PagesStates. In his farewell speech to the public, Eisenhower warned that this great complex that has been created carries great implications, and that though it may be necessary, the nation must be careful not to let it get out of control and have power misplaced. The Military Industrial Complex is the interweaving of the military with industries and corporations, and after the 9/11 attacks it greatly influenced the ready support for the war in Iraq. The United States after World War II was beginning toRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India A Case Study 1. A summary of the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising. The arguments in favor of the government banning tobacco advertising generally begins with the belief that the government has the right to intervene in the best interest of its citizens. The banning of cocaine, which is generally seen as worldwide, is often used as an example of this. Public health is often the motive that is cited when countries such as Belgium andRead MoreEconomic Problem in the Philippines1582 Words   |  7 Pagesattention has to be paid to addressing to the internal problems of the economy and enhancing domestic-oriented growth. A policy of removing structural impediments to growth has to be adopted with lesser focus on foreign investors and exporters. 2. Misplaced Fiscal Austerity Practicing fiscal austerity just to get favorable credit ratings can be counterproductive. The Aquino administration, in 2011, pursued fiscal austerity and spent 2.1% less in the first 11 months than it did in the same periodRead MoreDecline in America 1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the Federal government has not been investing nearly enough in research and development, big corporations are more concerned with a quick buck than with spending time researching the next big thing, and that the â€Å"quality of education in math and science in elementary and high schools [is] plummet[ing]† (Lemonick 465). Lemonick is right on all three points. Although some might argue that the government should not be investing in new technology, there are ways for the government to create incentivesRead MoreHow Social Networking Can Be A Great Opportunity?1163 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworking can be a great thing because it allows people to connect with their families and friends all over the world. Moreover, in recent years, there is no doubt that many people are spending more and more time online, especially teens do not seem to care about their privacy as much as adults. People, spending time online with both positive and negative consequences. The more people are posting and telling others about their personal life, they are just harming their selves because they are openingRead MoreU.s. Foreign Trade Agreements1394 Words   |  6 Pagesstate-owned firms that had been previously expropriated, particularly the banks. The issue with the bank privatization, however, was that the expropriated ass ets needed a willing buyer, and investors were generally reluctant to buy a bank from a government that had seized it less than a decade before – especially at a high price – because of the fear of yet another expropriation. Nevertheless, many bankers were willing to pay up to three times the banks’ book values in a purchase due to the PRIRead MoreEffects Of Loans On Students By Suzanne Mettler1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthat doesn’t give them a chance to succeed. Mettler addresses this topic in her book, â€Å"Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream.† She analyzes the relationship between money and politics, greed, and misplaced priorities, and how education produces more inequality amongst students from different economic levels (HU, 2015). In a dysfunctional system, something is wrong because eleven countries surpass the United States in the number of students graduating

The Character of Beloved from Beloved by Toni Morrison Essay

The Character of Beloved from Beloved by Toni Morrison The character of Beloved, from Toni Morrison?s novel, Beloved, is an embodiment of the evils of slavery. Beloved, the daughter of a former slave, is a child who died before her time, therefore her existential search for identity parallels the search of self that slavery created in an innumerable amount of human beings. When reading the novel, Beloved, it is vital for the inexperienced reader to pay attention to the trials of Beloved, as they are the trials of slavery. The character of Beloved, was reborn through the souls of slavery, and gathered their collective memories as she emerged from watery depths, through a river akin to the ocean crossed by slave ships enroute to†¦show more content†¦This becomes evident when Beloved, Denver, and Sethe, begin to recount their own individual memories, that entwine with one another. Beloved?s memories, however, contain an element that is lacking in the other narratives, a sense of otherworldliness. Such knowledge of slavery could only be obtained through a journey to the spiritual world. Therefore, Beloved is a paradox of naivete and timelessness as she recounts memories of crouching with the dead, experiencing a ?hot thing.? Slavery, in itself is a combination of naivete and aged maturity as well, for upon freedom, those who performed tasks upon command, those who took a beating without so much as a cry, do not know how to exist in the world. Those who are reborn from slavery, as Beloved was reborn from her untimely death, experience a period of readjustment, much as Beloved did when she re-entered the world from beyond. As, ?everything dead coming back to life hurts,? Beloved felt the need to lash out at those who wronged her, to the extreme that it controlled her existence. It is conceivable that many former slaves felt as Beloved did, that they must inflict revenge upon those who had wrongfully oppressed them. The vengeance and pain inflicted on Sethe by Beloved took various forms. Beloved, unsur e as to whether she sought maternal love or revenge, took to such actions as attempting to choke Sethe, then bringing her back to life through the healing touch of her fingertips.Show MoreRelatedAmerican Gothic Mid Term : Use Of Color1723 Words   |  7 PagesSkylar Leaf American Gothic Mid-Term The Use of Color in Beloved In Beloved, color is a common and important theme, especially the color red. This is because color can symbolize a variety of different things such as a specific emotion or a memory. Throughout Beloved Morrison uses color to give various meanings to various objects and spaces. The emotional qualities of the characters in Beloved are so strong that Morrison utilizes color as a way to express their feelings. Since the book tells a storyRead More Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrisons Beloved Grotesque images of rape, murder, and sexual abuse are recurring throughout Toni Morrisons novel Beloved. The ideals of the white oppressor, be it murder, rape, or sexual abuse were powerful forces that shaped the lives of many of the characters, especially the character Sethe. Rape and sexual abuse are two grotesque instances expressed throughout the novel. The most often referred to is the incident when SchoolteacherRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1561 Words   |  7 PagesBeloved is one of the most beautifully written books and Toni Morrison is one of the best authors in the world. After reading the Bluest Eye and seeing how captivating it is, it is not highly expectant to think that Beloved to be just as enchanting. Anyone who has read Beloved would read it again and those of us who have not should be dying to read it. Beloved is a historical fiction novel based on a true historical incident. Beloved is setRead MorePostmodernism in American Literature Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel Beloved by Toni Morrison often makes us question the credibility of what is being told, and uses many striking, sudden shifts between the past and present, making it difficult to distinguish between reality and fiction. This blurring of the truth is a common element of postmodern fi ction. In fact, many scholars would say that Beloved is a great example of postmodernism. (Ebrahimi 2005) Morrison uses this technique to bring about the suffering, growth, and resurrection of her characters, andRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath and suffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innocence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read and write, and from their stories we can read the horrors they went through. Slave narratives brings these hardshipsRead MoreUse of Violence in Beloved by Toni Morrison Essay668 Words   |  3 Pagesdoes not want to admit, violence serves as a form of entertainment. In media today, violence typically has no meaning. Literature , movies, and music, saturated with violence, enter the homes of millions everyday. On the other hand, in Beloved, a novel by Toni Morrison, violence contributes greatly to the overall work. The story takes place during the age of the enslavement of African-Americans for rural labor in plantations. Sethe, the proud and noble protagonist, has suffered a great deal at the handRead MoreBeloved: Critique with New Historicism1749 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel written by Toni Morrison and published in 1987. The story follows Sethe as she attempts to make peace with her present (for her, post Civil War America) and her past as a former slave and the atrocities she suffered at the hands of the benevolent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, asRead More Rememory in Toni Morrisons Beloved Ess ay1242 Words   |  5 PagesRememory in Toni Morrisons Beloved To survive, one must depend on the acceptance and integration of what is past and what is present. 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Morrison warns the readerRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 20, 2015 Beloved: A reconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in which we are presented with the history of each of the characters lives and the memories

Safety Risk Critique Free Essays

Occupational Safety and health risks refer to those elements in the workplace which pose as danger to the employees, the environment and the surrounding community when exposed to them (Confer, 1999). These are things which threaten the safety and health of people if not controlled. In work places, these risks can be environmental which includes pollution in terms of noise and release of toxic gases, physical hazards such as collisions and falls of workers, falling objects and electricity, biological hazards such as fungi and bacteria invasion and chemical hazards whose agents are acids, bases, solvents and any other reactive chemicals (Boyd, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Risk Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are guidelines and standards that have been set by the labour agency through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which must be followed and the standards met by all employers. Failure to comply with the rules and meet the standards results to the employer facing the serious risk of litigation, damage to their image when exposed amongst others (Charney, 1999). Statement of the Research Problem Prime contractors have the responsibility of providing a safe and healthy workplace to all their employees by identifying hazards and controlling them. These contractors hence face the serious risk of safety management when they subcontract. This is because in the event that prime contractors subcontract, they still are responsible for the safety of their employees as OSHA regulations do not relieve the prime contractor of the overall compliance to the standards (Mintz, 1984). These risks include injury to the subcontracted employees, citation of irregularities by the OSHA officials whose origin is the subcontractor’s negligence and violation of the required standards and the risk of negative publicity which could hurt the prime contractor’s image in the market hence reducing his competitiveness. Though the responsibility is shared between the prime contractor and the subcontracting agency, the prime contractor has to find means of ensuring that the subcontractors have implemented effective safety and health regulations so as to avoid exposing the employees to hazards that have been cited by OSHA. Getting a standard means of controlling the subcontractor without taking unnecessary control is not easy. Too much hands on method could cause liabilities to the prime contractor while hands off could end up not being effective. This research aims at getting an optimum and standard care method that should be used by prime contractors to help them minimize occupational safety and health risks related to subcontractors. A Description of the Research Procedures The study started by identifying the responsibilities of employers (in this case of the prime employer and the subcontractors) in providing a safe and healthy working environment to their employees. It then studied the stipulated OSHA regulations concerning situations that involved subcontracting. The study identified the potential safety management risks faced by prime contractors in this situation and the cares that the prime contractors could take to minimize the occurrence of the mentioned safety management risks. It discussed the remedies that prime contractors could take such as contractual transfer of liability by considering certain facts about how responsible the subcontractors were in ensuring safety of their own employees, and studying the policies implemented by subcontractors to ensure safety of their employees before subcontracting. The study identified the main safety related risks for prime contractors and discussed the value of achieving low injury rates. Finally the study researched on how to achieve the best safety performance from subcontractors and made a conclusion. Flaws in the procedural design In my view, the procedural design had no flaws in it. This is because all the elements of a good research are present in the thesis. It has an introduction of the topic and states the problem. It has outlines what the objectives of the study are and justifies them just as any good research usually does. It identifies the problems and discusses the results of the findings. It offers recommendations and a conclusion at the end. The only problem is that we are not told the method the researchers used to use to gather the data that was used to make the make the discussions and draw the conclusions. We do not know whether it was observation, interviews, questionnaires or the other methods of data collections that are normally used in serious research was used in this research.. Analysis of the data The data obtained is reliable and could help the prime contractors minimize safety management risks if they followed the recommendations to the book. The research discusses its findings and relates them to the regulations stipulated by OSHA so that there is no contradiction even when making the recommendations. The study gives several methods and options that could be used and taken by prime contractors to help reduce the safety risks. The data tells us of the safety related risks for prime contractors which include accidents of employees, litigation and harm to the prime contractor’s image all of which could occur as a result of the subcontractor not being keen on adhering to the rules and regulations required by OSHA. The date explains the prime contractors risk higher probability of facing litigation in the event they use too much of the hands on system with the subcontractors. This could be true as they end up being too involved with the subcontractors operation such that in the event an accident happens, they may be blamed as they are seen to be in control. The data also explains that accidents are some of the things in things world which are inevitable and whether the prime contractors follow the recommendations provided or not accidents are to bond to happen and the prime contractors have to be prepared to deal with them. The data discusses that the advantages of achieving low injury rates is that it enables the prime contractors to avoid the risks associated with fatal accidents and hold a good image to the share holders and the public. The data then gives suggestions to the prime contractors on how to achieve the best performance from subcontractors. This basically is by the prime contractors being careful in choosing who to subcontract to. It urges the prime contractors be careful in the method they use to control the subcontractors operations where safety and health issues are concerned so that they do not take the blame by being too much involved (higher side of the hands on method). They have to balance their influence. Conclusion We can conclude that the research was a good one as it was detailed in identifying the problem, explaining the potential risks and compared them with the OSHA regulations and gave the solutions to the problems that were not contradicting with the expected regulations. The study further gives recommendations. The data obtained was not biased as it gave both the negative and positive aspects of any suggestion made. It advices the prime contractors on what they should do in order to avoid safety management risks from arising. How to cite Safety Risk Critique, Papers

Development And Application Of New System †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development And Application Of New System? Answer: Introducation The purpose of this project is to focuses on the Patient Management System software for controlling and monitoring all the activities in a hospital. This project is being developed in java that focuses on the general operations and activities of the hospital, which includes new patients, adding new member, addition of information, and finding the beds from the records, respective members and facility or officers to check if there is empty beds. The proposed Hospital Management System is designed in order to help users maintenance and organize the hospital activities. This system is designed in a manner that beginner and the advanced users both can easily operate it. The features implemented in this system are a similar and well thought-out, combined with strong reporting capabilities and searching Insertion option. This proposed report generation for providing facility of hospital system can be helpful in getting good idea of which beds have been borrowed by which members and allows users a possibility to generate hard copy of the reports. The proposed Hospital Management System has following four main modules: Extracting from Database module, Insertion to Database Module, Search Facility system, and Report Generation module. Existing System The key questions for this analysis are: what are the existing problems? What could be done to solve the existing problem? System Analysis made here depends on the depth study of the different activities performed in the system including their impact outside and within the system. In order to make system successful emphasis has been given on the problems, rigorously investigated and properly carried out about the system. This system has been analyzed in depth taken in account the relative needs of the system. Following are the categories of system analysis: initial investigation, Information Gathering, System planning, Feasibility studies, Applying analysis tools, and Cost/ Benefit analysis. In the existing system, major disadvantages encountered are that for preparation of the list of borrowed beds and the beds that are available in the hospital consumes more time and takes one day process to verify the records. Transactions are being operated manually, so borrowing a bed and managing the patients becomes time consuming process. A computerized for this management will be more feasible, so it is recommended. Proposed System This hospital management system is based on an automated computerized system for the hospitals those are still being operated in traditional way. Through this system different users can search bed, add bed, search medicines, add medicines, edit information, update information, return left medicines, and checkout in less time. Following are the advantages of proposed system: More Storage Capacity, Lesser Errors, Search facility, Fast access to database, Quick transaction, Look Environment. This can be helpful in mitigating the issues related to the existing system. Feasibility Analysis Feasibility can be defined as the study of impact that can be happened in the organization through the development and application of a new system. It could be negative or positive and when the positives nominate negatives, the system can be considered as feasible. Following are the ways to perform feasibility of the system. Technical Feasibility It can be said that the recommended system is technically feasible, as there are not much complexity in the making this system happen. The needed resources and equipments are already present in the organization and proper efficiency can be gained from these resources by implementing this new management system. Economical Feasibility Proposed system is highly economically feasible too. Extra finance will not be needed for the implementation of this system as; everything is available and only needs proper supervision. As stated above the system is efficient, we can take sufficient usability from the system. This will be one time investment and not need any maintenance; states that the proposed system is economically feasible. Hardware Configuration RAM: 128 MB Processor: Pentium III 630 MHz Monitor: 15 Color monitor Hard Disk: 20GB Key Board: 122 Keys Software Configuration Language: Java Runtime Environment Operating System: Windows NT, Windows 98, Windows XP. Database: MS Access 2012.8 System Requirements This hospital management system is applicable in Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows NT, and Windows 95, it also supported for the platforms like Macintosh, Applet, and UNIX. The system should be running on the operating systems, which are Windows 2000, Windows 98, and Windows NT and should meet the following requirements: Windows 200 based computers: 700/850 MHz or larger processor with RAM 512 MB. Windows 98 based computers: 500/88MHz or larger processor with RAM 32 Mb Windows NT based computers: 488 / 66 MHz or larger processor with RAM 16 MB Windows 95 based computers: 486 / 66 MHz or larger processor with RAM 8MB Input Design Input design can be referred to the process of transforming user-oriented input to a computerized based format. It is one of the major crucial parts of the whole system design that requires care and attention. It can be reported that the collection of input data can be the most expensive part for this system. Input design has following objectives: Achieving highest accuracy Producing cost effective method for the input Ensuring that acceptable by the staffs and understandable for them. Input Data The aim of designing the input data is that to make enter easier, eliminate free hand errors, and more logical. An input form will be presented for the format of data fields to be entered. Data entry can also be made online, which led to the use of processor that could accept the commands and the data using a keyboard and analyze those inputs. Based on that, either input will be accepted or rejected. Following are the stages that will include during this process: Data Recording Data Transcription Data Analysis Data Control Data Transmission Re-input Data Selection of data capture methods and devices should be done in a manner to reduce the stages, which in result will return less errors and cost. The input types can be characterized in five ways: Internal, External, Operational, interactive and computerized inputs. There will be existence of Input before being input to the system. The involvement of capturing data procedure makes Input Design complex for inputting the data into the system. Output Design Outputs design is being focused on communicating the results of processing system to the users, including a documented result that can be used for later purpose. For the users it is the direct and most important source of information. Logical design stage can define the outputs, in negative cases, it could be defined at the early stage of the design about the response, connect, format etc. The output types can be characterized in five ways: Internal, External, Operational, interactive and turn around outputs. All screens are user interactive and informative in a manner that the requirements of the user are meted through queries. Table Name: Beds Field Name Types of Data Description Patient Id Auto Generated Number Primary key Ward Text (30 characters) - Disease Text (30 characters) - Medicines Text (30 characters) - Doctor Text (30 characters) - Patient name Number - Sex Number - Date of birth Text (30 characters) - Contact No. Number - District-Id Number - Region-Id Number - Date of check-in Number - Date of check-out Text (30 characters) - Table: Borrow Field Name Type of Data Description Patient Id Number Primary Key Bed Id Number - Check-in Date Date Time - Check-out Date Date Time - Table: Patients Field Name Type of Data Description Patient Name Text (30 characters) - Patient ID Auto Generated Number Primary Key Email Address Text (30 characters) - Condition Text (30 characters) - Number of days Number - Amount Number - Billing date Date Time - System Implementation Implementation can be the most practical stage for the project in which the theoretical design will have to turn into a working system. The phases in this section are constructing, then installing, and then operating the new system. One of the crucial stage for the success of the project is the efficiency and affectively of the system. There are certain objectives and activities for the implementation of new system, which are: System Design, End user education, parallel Run, End user training, Post implementation review, and application software training which are explained below: End User Training: The nurses and chemist doing daily operational activities will the most concerned individuals in order to make this system successful, which will need training as, this will be a new system for the officers. Training about the actions and commands will be provided to them. End User Education: After the first stage the education for the end user will be implemented. This will be completely new system for them and they can feel the system complex and in order to make them comfortable with this system, proper education to them is necessary. This will include lectures and documents about the working and the commands. Training of application software: After the implementation of first and second stage, this stage will be executed. Proper training is very important in this whole project in order to eliminate or completely minimize human errors. In this training, user will be introduced with the possible errors and the help menu including the screen options description. Post Implementation View Regular meeting can be arranged with the officers, management and the programmer in order to monitor the working, sufficiency and problems that are occurring during the execution of the new system. Software Testing It will include verifying the questions: Is Tool-bars and pull-Down menu are working properly or not? All the menus are properly listed or not? What is the possibility of invoking each menu function with a logical assumption in order to meet the goal? There are possibilities of errors after few days of this implementation. This can lead to following problems, which are first, late response on the problems that are raised. Second, system errors might affect the files and the records that are being saved its processor. The process of testing should focus on the logical intervals of the software in manner to insure that all the statements and codes have been successfully tested. Secondly, Functional interval testing is uncovering the errors and ensuring that the defined input is producing real results and meeting the demands of the user. Modules level training, Program level testing carried out after the integration. Following are the two major types of testing: White Box Testing It can also be described as Glass box testing, which is a test case design that uses the control structure of the procedural design in order to drive the test cases. Following tests have been made using White Box Testing, which are: Firstly, Every independent path in the module has been exercised one time. In the proposed system, it is being ensuring that cases were executed and selected passes all the case structures. There were few bugs which have been fixed. Secondly, every logical decision was evaluated for the falsity and truth of the values. Black Box Testing The main focus of the Black box testing was on the functional requirements of the system. Black box testing can help the programmers towards enabling in order to derive a set of input conditions or commands that will properly examine the functional requirement of the system. Black box testing can be stated as an alternating approach to white box testing that can help in uncovering different class of errors that might be left in white box testing. The hidden errors include Performance in data structure, interface, initializing and terminating, and performance errors. Ethical implementation The ethical challenges or issues in using this system within the hospital is can be categorized as: privacy and confidentiality that is being mitigated by using different credentials for different level access, security breaches, which could be stopped from happening by using anti-virus and anti-malware with the system. Data inaccuracy is another ethical issue, for which several testing have been made already. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that this project is a humble venture in order to satisfy the needs of effective and efficient system in a hospital including several user friendly coding, which have been adopted for improving the working of project. This package will help in all the ways to manage operational activity within the hospital. Implementation measured is up to the mark with certain bugs and glitches, which can be improved easily. This implementation will save much time for the nurses and will provide exact calculation of the time and cost and finally enhance the performance of the organization. References AbuKhalifeh, A. N., Som, A. P. M. (2012). Service quality management in hotel industry: a conceptual framework for food and beverage departments.International Journal of Business and Management,7(14), 135. Ahmadi, H., Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O. (2015). Organizational decision to adopt hospital information system: An empirical investigation in the case of Malaysian public hospitals.International journal of medical informatics,84(3), 166-188. Ahmadi, H., Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., Ramayah, T., Wong, M. W., Alizadeh, M., ... Almaee, A. (2015). Exploring potential factors in total hospital information system adoption.Journal of Soft Computing and Decision Support Systems,2(1), 52-59. Bowman, S. (2013). Impact of electronic health record systems on information integrity: quality and safety implications.Perspectives in Health Information Management,10(Fall). Cline, G. B., Luiz, J. M. (2013). Information technology systems in public sector health facilities in developing countries: the case of South Africa.BMC medical informatics and decision making,13(1), 13. Cresswell, K., Sheikh, A. (2013). Organizational issues in the implementation and adoption of health information technology innovations: an interpretative review.International journal of medical informatics,82(5), e73-e86. Free, C., Phillips, G., Watson, L., Galli, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., ... Haines, A. (2013). The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine,10(1), e1001363. Ismail, N. I., Abdullah, N. H., Shamsudin, A., Ariffin, N. A. N. (2013). Implementation differences of Hospital Information System (HIS) in Malaysian public hospitals.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity,3(2), 115. Kaur, R., Bhambri, P. (2015). INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT.INFORMATION RETRIEVAL,2(4). Kotz, P., Foster, R. (2014). A conceptual data model for a primary health care patient-centric electronic medical record system. Malinga Ramadhan, B., Ssenyonga, T., Novembrieta, R. S. (2014). Development and Implementation of Patient Management Information System of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH), Bushenyi District, Uganda.Development,4. Sethia, D., Gupta, D., Mittal, T., Arora, U., Saran, H. (2014, January). NFC based secure mobile healthcare system. InCommunication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2014 Sixth International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Shih, F. J., Fan, Y. W., Chiu, C. M., Wang, S. S. (2014, May). Needs for Providing Overseas Organ Transplant Medical Function and Information With eHealth Telecare SystemsInstrument Development for Health Professionals in Taiwan. InTransplantation proceedings(Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1014-1018). Elsevier. Shortliffe, E. H., Cimino, J. J. (Eds.). (2013).Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine. Springer Science Business Media. Tan, Y., Dong, L., Cao, Y., Yang, L., Cao, H. (2015). System Analysis of a Hospital Information System Using UML. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Vulnerability of world countries to climate change

Current Events in Business Research Shari Bratcher RES351 April 28 201

Current Events in Business Research Shari Bratcher RES351 April 28 201 Current Events in Business Research RES351 April 28, 2014 Current Events in Business Research I have examined an article titled, Technology could ease textbook costs: Studies show students are slow to embrace new methods of learning by Christopher Magan, 2010. This article illustrates how the improvement of technology may not be as welcomed, as it should. In the examination of this article, we will determine the research and purpose of the article, as well as discuss the complications under examination, the used methods of inquiries, and the completion of the research. An association professor of communication at Wright State University, Lynn Disbrow, received an award recently by the Ohio Board of Regents (Magan, 2010). This award was in honor of her digitizing a public speaking courses materials, which in turn reduced the costs significantly from $90 to $35. What this does is offers students supplementary resources at a more affordable price. Possibly restructuring the textbook market in the decades to come, the introduction of new methods of learning, such as tablet computers, netbooks and handhelds, is no longer a vision but a reality. Several universities are gradually exchanging paper materials for digitized course material. Although students are committing to new technology ventures, such as social networking, studies show that students are slow to incorporate the use of new technologies into school studies. The Student Watch composed a study in 2010 that showed seventy-four percent of students would rather use printed textbooks. Sixty percent of students were unaware of digitized material made available to them at their school. Because students in secondary education were taught to read printed textbooks, it has set a mental standard for learning subsequently. Because materials need to be affordable to the students, digitalized resources are going to be a significant piece to future of education learning. McGraw-Hill publishes all of their textbooks in both print and digitally, many companies are eager to deliver the necessary materials in either way the demands of the market fall. The conversion from print to digital will come sooner than later with the immense uses of computers for education purposes. Colleges and universities are becoming paperless and are starting to provide students with online course materials, such as assignments, course syllabus and other requirements. The transition is just a matter of the adjustments people will have to make. We are now in the beginning of a digital age with the introduction of new technology. Whether students prefer printed materials as opposed to online materials is still a question that remains to be unanswered fully. Many students are embracing the idea of a paperless curriculum, while others are still comfortable to the more traditional learning methods of printed copies. Unfortunately, for now, this seems to be a less viable option in the market that has been created. References Magan, C. (2010, June 12). Technology could ease textbook costs; Studies show students are slow to embrace new methods of learning. Dayton Daily News. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/497337234?accountid=458

Business Article assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Article - Assignment Example A research conducted by professionals from the University of Cambridge in 2008 aimed to determine â€Å"the risky decision-making abilities of entrepreneurs and corporate managers with similar IQs and experience levels using a battery of neurocognitive tests† (Mehta, par. 4). The results of the study indicate that the greater preponderance for risk taking activities of entrepreneurs were both traced from behavioral and physiological factors that affect their decision making processes. As averred â€Å"the entrepreneurs not only scored higher on personality tests that measure impulsivity and flexibility; they also experienced a chemical response in the reward center of the brain that the managers did not† (Mehta, par. 4). Concurrently, Mehta stipulated guidelines for potential entrepreneurs in terms of socializing with other entrepreneurs, conditioning oneself for small successes, having faith and determination, and seeking a partner who would complement lacking skills, abilities, and knowledge that is not present in one’s personal arena. Relation of Topic to Discussion The topic is significantly related to the class discussion on small businesses and entrepreneurship. More and more global organizations have struggled to grow from roots that were identified as small business ventures or from sheer innovative vision and strategies implemented by entrepreneurs. The article is relevant in terms of accepting the risk taking characteristics of entrepreneurs to identify unique opportunities in the external environment, which could initially be posed as a threat, but would eventually be converted into a privilege to create jobs and provide financial success to the entrepreneur and to the stakeholders who would benefit from the venture. As shown in the power point presentation as Chapter 7: Small Business and Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs are a distinct breed of professionals who are predominantly risk takers and are willing to invest time, money and effort for potential ventures that could be successful or could ultimately fail. The thought provoking insight on famous entrepreneurs could inspire aspiring ones into trying their luck in diverse business opportunities. The experiences of Ray Kroc, McDonald’s founder and Steve Jobs, founder of Apple computers, have attested that entrepreneurs’ drive and determination do not die with past failures. Further, the entrepreneurial spirit that highlight extraordinary skills, talents and abilities of these individuals stir innovation through technological breakthroughs, use of cross functional teams, employ strategies that enhance strengths and competitive advantage in their chosen fields of endeavor. Personal Comments One’s personal contention on the topic of small businesses and entrepreneurship is the focus on distinct characteristics of entrepreneurs as drivers of businesses and new ventures. Entrepreneurs have keen business acumen and are unique in terms of t he extremely high desire to achieve. People like Donald Trump, Bill Gates, aside from those mentioned in class, have been instrumental in revolutionizing their business niche through innate desire to uplift the welfare of mankind. From what one has learned through research and through observing entrepreneurial talent, the innate desire and drive to discover something new that could be of benefit to a greater number of people have been most instrumental to their success. As learned from the class module, small businesses

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Essay Example In addition to being the position of foremost retailer in United Kingdom, it also has the inimitable distinction of being the highest emergent Finance Company and also Internet food retailer business. To accomplish real success in worldwide market, pricing and product quality is necessary. Entry strategy of the product is also very significant for successful launching of business in other countries. The strategic preparation will facilitate every manufacture or service organization to do something that is exclusive and greatly appreciated by the customer. The strategic management is the composite, business extensive and the long terms connotation which deals with basic principles of execution and examination. So that effective strategic management helps the Tesco to increase overall profitability and productivity. â€Å"Supermarket Tesco put up for sales a wide variety of goods online, consisting of baby items and groceries, flowers, electrical commodities ,toddler things, music, vi deo, books, CDs, , DVDs, personal finance and vouchers† (Supermarkets, 2010). ... Tesco offer better environment for purchase goods and other material. Understand the clients to the quality, price and other related items of merchandise.   Tesco introduced new techniques and ideas for achieving the business objectives. Tesco illustrate that the entire retailers are one team.   Tesco also explained that clients enjoy shopping and catch the attention of various new customers by launching new items and to increase their marketplace share. The efforts taken by Tesco does serve as a pointer that the company does seem to have been taking steps for reducing carbon footprints and ensuring a more safer and healthier environmental friendly approach to business. Tesco’s business strategy: Tesco is the chief retailing business and it effectively achieved in the course of purchasing, introducing new things, developing their business in worldwide level. That time sales level raise at the level of 91%. Tesco pleased their customers’ requirements and wants.   C lients are increasing day by day and they are purchasing numerous products from there. They are selling more and maximize the earnings and income increased at the rate of 87%. Without United Kingdom Tesco established their industry in many other states and achieved lot of new clients. â€Å"Tesco supermarket has selected to practice strategic industry unit (SBU) crossways the entire of its business parts with the intention of make best use of the amount of competitiveness inside the individual marketplace regions\s. According to one of the famous author Mockler (2002: 49), says about the SBU. It would envelop†¦ the strategic basis; magnitude and range of the operation; tactical push; the types of goods or services sell and distributed; quality of service and

Contemporary World Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contemporary World Cinema - Essay Example Before beginning the main part of the comparative study, it is important to generally assess the working of the two filmmakers. In regards of the Dardenne Brothers, it is widely accepted that most of their films follow a sort of realistic depiction that may eventually drift towards some political implication. In other words, their movies are prone to convey political message. The most important part of this phenomenon is that this message is not conveyed in a planned way. The cocktail of story telling and realism may lead the spectator to wider societal and political inferences. Haneke, on the other hand, is known for depicting stereotypical characters time and again. However, such tendencies do not mar his exclusive language of cinema that gives rise to robust flow of thoughts. In words of Grundmann, this is â€Å"cinema of glaciation†. Further, realism in Haneke’s cinema appears in a subtle form where the central character may be a very different kind of person, just the like we find in Benny’s Video. Such sort of realism mixed with a degree of uniqueness and horror adds special dimensions to our general perception.

Impact of Leadership Styles on Job Satisfaction of Nurses

Impact of Leadership Styles on Job Satisfaction of Nurses Every day nurses have the responsibility for the health as well as the well being of their patients and therefore to ensure a continuity of the patient care each every nurses on a unit work tougher to ensure that they achieve the shared goals. The cohesive team thus work diligently to promote then patent health, safety and recovery and to achieve such unity nursing manager coordinates and supervises all the interactions that go on between all the team members he is in charge of (Longerich, et al 2003).Nurse leaders may be nurses mangers who are responsible for one nursing unite or a nurse executive held responsible for all the in-patient nursing units. Nurse steam leaders achieve their roles by applying the various nursing leadership style which include: transformational, transactional as well as dynamic leadership. A combination of more than one leadership style is often considered more effective but a single type also serves the intended purpose depending on the situation that the leader is in (Mahoney, 2001). Background The nursing professionals faces one of the greatest challenges of developing future leaders as powerful leadership skills are required all nurses i.e. those responsible for providing direct acre to those in the top management position for example anyone looked upon as an authority ranging from a nurses taking care of a patient to those responsible for giving assistance to others. All of them are considered s leaders. Another difficult that faces leadership for health care professionals is that most of the leadership theories were not developed based on the healthcare context but rather with in the business context then applied to healthcare. A clinical nursing leader is involved in direct patient care as well as offers a continuous improvement of the care by influencing others. Leaders have skills, task which they utilize to as an attitude that inform behavior leading to consistent superior performance with long-term benefits to all those involved. Leader s not alloy control other but are more of visionaries who serve to helping employees to lead, plan, organize and control their activities (Jooste, 2004). In the past decade shelf life of leaders in the health service has halved and instead of working in environments that encourage creative thinking especially about the future of health care there is one that consists of vast paper trails that are characterized by motions masquerading as activity. Thus the luxuries of personal lives for the senior staff are tumbled upon especially in some of the healthcare organizations where 60- hours working in a week has become quite normal. This situation has made some health care staff to no longer work for patients but rather to be motivated by pronouncements from government representatives , media expose an even on the latest scandal regarding misuse of public money (Woolnough, 2002). Health care system has witnessed different parts of the health organization focus on different things which is often marred with poor coordination across the various departments with objectives being sandwiched between keeping costs down with efforts to increasing patient services. Such in-coordination as been felt by the hospital administrators especially at times when demands for administrative services increases and thus administrative jobs are cut. Making choices require certain amounts of freedom, thought, actions, time for weighing options, as well as time for reviews of such decision, unfortunately in health cares leaders lack such luxuries as the reliable, easily accessible and relevant information they require to make decision is often not unavailable. Further more resources and time that is essential for such responsibilities is missing and this affects much of the health care leaders who are driven by gut feeling which is linked to strong sense of personal values regarding what is right, just and reasonable(Outhwaite, 2003). Irrespective of the countries which healthcare leaders operate they are always expected to fulfill the following roles: being a diplomat, a visionary, politician, conflict resolver, coach, figure head as well as a human being failure to which no leader can claim to the title. as a matter of fact most leaders face the pressures of sharing a little pieces of themselves with anyone that ask for it, in addition to that healthcare leaders face real dilemmas regarding several issues like ways of radically changing their organizations without any guarantees of success despite the well planned changes and being able to accept the consequences of their actions, working with political agendas or legislations which they disagree with and also accept the consequences, apportioning of resources of the available as fairly as possible while also accepting the consequences, saying no when they want to say yes and also accept the consequences ,trying to act ethically yet sometimes leading to failures and knowing that despite their selfless effort someone some how cries foul. In addition to that healthcare leaders are faced with challenges of making decision like making choices regarding decisions on acting on absolute principle or creative several flexible responses, to keep particular services or to discard them, having a open organization and developing closer ties with the service users yet at same time having little or no control over the eventual outcomes, to continue to lead or not (Outhwaite, 2003). Failure to act in decisive manner by healthcare leaders may lead to general delay action for instance lack of medical and nursing action in the review of requested treatment in admission leads to inaction on the part of delivering the treatment. The pivotal role of the leader may be overshadowed by fear of unjust critism which result to delayed decision which its ultimate consequence of having to deal with sense of failure and guilt. Leadership Leadership can be defined as the process of influencing others, meeting goals by obtaining the co-operation from those around them and acquiring the resources to achieve their goal. To be a leader you must make a decision to act; doing so requires skill, knowledge, energy, vision and self-confidence (Tappen, 2001). On the other hand, leadership may not be obvious or visible process of influencing others, but the very leadership features within the individual may trigger other people to act according the leading person. Carney (1999) defines leadership as persuading others to pursue a common goal by setting aside individual concerns, while Marquis Huston (2000) states that leadership is made up of authority and accountability. They define authority as the power one has to direct the work of others and accountability as well as the moral responsibility that comes with the position of leadership. Majority of existent theories pays attention to leadership as a personal feature which is more or less helpful when achieving goals within the organization and not for individual goals. However, this paper work would focus on both parts as leadership in nursing field requires the same amount of attention to the work of organization and the individual as well. In other words, if adding all definitions together, we get the idea that leadership involve influence on others, authority, achievement of goals through command work and the leaders moral responsibility. The basic question is how the leader arranges his / her priorities, the job of staff, atmosphere, etc. Leadership theories Trait theory Much has been written about the differing leadership styles and theories over the last seventy years. Many leadership theories have evolved over the last century starting with Trait theory. It is based on the assumption that some people possess personality traits which single them out as natural leaders and those who possess such traits should be nurtured into leadership positions (Marquis Huston, 2000). However, this theory was abandoned by the 1940s as no set of consistent traits could be identified and thus research focused on the behavior and attitudes of managers based on the assumption that leadership styles are based on specific behavior. (Sellgren et al, 2006) Nowadays, many ideas of trait theory are rejected as psychology studies provided evidence that leadership though appears as every individuals feature is not that helpful when trying to nurture it so this theory now has only historical rather than practical importance. Behavioral theory Research on leadership has shifted focus from leadership traits to leadership behavior (Bass, 1981 cited in McNeese-Smith, 1996). Behavioral theories particularly focus on what a leader does (Whitehead et al, 2007). This approach was adopted from the 1950s onwards following two major studies by American universities. It looked at what a leader does and what he / she should do, what is leaders role when facing certain problems, the behavior exhibited by leaders and the influence of leadership style on a groups performance. Research into behavioral theory was based on the premise that each leader has a style based on their personality, they experience and education (Ekvall, 1992 cited in Sellgren et al, 2006). Also, the theory was interested on leaders interaction in group work, and how members of the group react to each other and especially, the leading figure. For further analysis, the leaders behavior can be separated into three main leadership styles Authoritarian, democratic and Laissez-faire (Tappen, 2001). Leadership style is related to the amount of control or freedom which the leader affords to the group (McCarthy, 1998). Authoritarian Authoritarian leaders keep most of the authority and make most of the decisions without much consultation with the group. Autocratic leadership style does not allow group participation and does not nurture creativity. This may have the effect of de-motivating the team members in the long term (Whitehead et al, 2007). In some cases it can even be said that autocratic leader does not even need a group work; all what matters is groups ability to follow the orders. Authoritarian style can however, be useful in situations where group participation would be counter-productive or where rapid decisions need to be made. Still, rapid decisions do not guarantee success, so this type of leadership in many cases is rarely acceptable. There are certain researchers nowadays who examine the leadership and leaders behavior of important historical figures. They draw a conclusion that many presidents, politicians and generals of the past were good authoritarian leaders as the very lifestyle back then were based on social status and the power within the society (Whitehead et al, 2007). Education also played an important role and the good leader was the one who could lead the whole nation to success by making decisions on his own. Fortunately or not, nowadays this type of leadership is often treated as unacceptable behavior rather than type of leadership. Democratic This style of leadership takes the opinions of the group into account. The decision making is shared with the group paying attention to every single critique and comment from other members of the group. This style encourages group participation and exercises general, rather than close supervision. (Carney, 1999) In other words, it is all seen in the very word democratic; the leader within the group is seen as more important figure than everyone else, but the leader himself / herself is responsible for creating a feeling of equality; work in such group usually would be followed by friendly and positive atmosphere as every individual in the group would be seen in many cases as more important figure than the very problem they are solving. Possible drawbacks may be that democratic leaders are only strong when every individual feels strong in the group, but some leaders are not capable of withstanding their opinion if it may damage the atmosphere within the group. Despite that, these case s are rarely discussed as after such incidents the authority of the leader may be diminished and the group would be searching for other leading figure. Laissez faire In this style the leader allows the group to determine their own way of working and does not provide much direction, feedback or decision making. This type of leader is passive and non-directive; he / she provide little support for the group and in fact may turn requests for help and support back to the group in general (Tappen, 2001). Some groups require passive leader, who in a way will took all responsibility, but actions and decisions would be made by other people in the group. It does not necessarily suggest that this kind of leadership is provoked by group members; the leader should be conscious about the situation and accept that. Some behavior researchers and psychologists even points out that this type of leadership requires more psychological knowledge and personal strength than others; not many people would allow such freedom for the group without being afraid to accept full responsibility of their actions (Tappen, 2001). In more recent times, research carried out by Kouzes Posner (1988) and Bass (1995) showed interesting results about leadership behaviors. They studied over 1,300 leaders and have identified five different leadership behaviors: Challenging the process: these are leaders who are innovative and experimental; their work should be a challenge. Inspiring a shared vision: Intuitive leaders who picture the future and enlist others to become involved; Enabling others to act: these are empowered and supportive leaders who build trust and team work; Modeling the way: Leaders who act as role models, setting a good example and practicing what they preach; Encouraging the heart: Leaders, who support their followers, recognize and reward their accomplishments, though some researchers nowadays questions methods of leading the group through rewards (especially material). These leadership behaviors are very useful and can be used as independent variables to measure both the managers opinion of their style of leadership and that which is perceived by those they manage. This in turn can be used as an indication of employees satisfaction with their managers style. Situational leadership theory This leadership theory is based on the premise that leadership style should be determined by the situation or the individuals involved (Marquis Huston, 2009). The differing leadership styles of situational leadership proposed by Hersey et al (1997) are based on the maturity or readiness of the follower. They set out four levels of readiness ranging from low (unable or unwilling) to high (able, willing and competent) and depending on the level of the follower the leaders style is directive, coaching, supportive or delegate in approach. There would be helpful to present an example which would illustrate this theory better. For example, the leader who is working with group of people which is known to him / her would follow absolutely different steps or provide different behavior when working with other group of people which he / she has not met before. That is because new people would consciously or not question presented leaders authority, their working methods may contradict the meth ods by which leader chooses to act, etc. In other words, this theory focuses on the new direction which was not discussed before the conflict between group members and leader when facing certain new issues, or anything at all what is innovative and not known how to deal with. Situational leadership stresses out the importance of leaders actions in new situations where group work has to be organized very carefully (Hersey, 1997). Charismatic Theory (Transactional and Transformational leadership styles) New leadership styles have developed in more recent times and that involves the transactional leadership and transformational leadership, both of which are part of Charismatic theory (Rafferty, 1993). In rapidly growing health sector, these kinds of leadership are especially notable up to the present day. Transactional leadership is characterized by bargaining, it emphasizes the organizations goals while recognizing the rewards that people value. Once goals have been achieved the leader rewards those who helped to achieve them (Lindholm et al 2000, Carney 1999). It seems as a very fair method to focus on goals rather than rewards; the sequence of actions is very strict, showing that efforts would be rewarded only if they were effective. Transformational leadership has charisma as its focus. The leader provides the vision, instilling a sense of pride in achievements, while gaining trust and respect from the group. Transformational leadership raises both leader and follower to a high level of motivation and morality as both shares a common value according to Burns (1978) who coined the term. In other words, both leader and the follower are on the same level, the main distinction is who leaded who to such level. To shortly sum up, this theory basically was called charismatic as leader must be able to build up the strategy consciously and think ways of how group can effectively be included into achievement of necessary goals. Servant leadership One of the more recent leadership concepts is Servant leadership. This style is very different to traditional views of management where the organizations needs take precedence. Servant leadership is concerned with service to the follower as opposed to engaging followers to support organizational goals (Stone et al, 2004). Servant leaders take into account their followers needs first and this in turn empowers them to achieve organizations goal. This also sometimes brings problem of inequality in light as the leaders needs and the followers would be of very different level. Thus, one side could feel in a way used but in many cases feelings would not be considered that important as many problems are solved in formal style and achievement of goals is the only satisfactory solution. This theory was called servant for various reasons very few literature provides the origin of such concept, as the fact that organizations word is always the last, is quite natural itself (Carney, 1999). To sum up these kinds of leadership theories, the short evolution of leadership studies it is seen that analysis provides numbers of exceptions, and ambiguities. Every theory and every type of leadership can be understood and interpreted differently considering every individual. Leadership is necessary in group work to achieve certain goals, but nothing can guarantee or provide an easy pattern to do so. However, after this discussion we now would be focusing on another part of this paper analysis; in what forms leadership appears in nursing field and how leadership styles can help to achieve personal or institutional goals and bring satisfaction for the job. Leadership styles in Nursing What is clear from the literature is that no one style of management and leadership is consciously used within nursing as a specific method to cope with certain issues that nurses and ward managers are facing. However, what emerges is that predominantly health care has moved away for the traditional autocratic style and towards a combination of transactional and transformational leadership. A study of 71 Irish Health Managers carried out by Armstrong (1999) found that over half used transactional and transformational leadership. The reasons are quite obvious. The period of time shows that the research is quite new and nowadays autocratic leadership is usually interpreted negatively. Transactional and transformational leadership, however are more effective in nursing field as such kind of leadership showed great success in institutional work (Avolio, 1988). Nurses in general, aims to helping people, and these two styles of leadership are emphasize the co-operation with other people; g roup work and care for others is extremely important to get successful results. Nowadays in nursing field other models are rarely seen as effective and though it can be said that democratic leadership is also very common, it usually appears in the group of nurses excluding their direct leader the employer. Democratic leadership often occurs where leader is not the one with higher status, but the one which is chosen by the group as the most reliable or so on (Bass, 1995). In a study carried out by Lindholm et al (2000) he found that more than half of managers interviewed exhibited a combination of both transactional and transformational leadership styles and these managers appeared to experience fewer management problems, less resistance to change and greater support from other professional groups within health care. What is not really acceptable is that these studies do not provide enough information about minorities, who are using different leadership styles. Although, it is only natural to state that leaders who uses different methods or have mixed qualities, often are said to be better than those who can be applied only to one pattern. The Hay group, an international management consultancy firm which carried out a study of leadership styles in seven NHS trusts in Brittan sets out six leadership styles which are prevalent in nursing (Kenmore, 2008): Directive: A leader who instructs staff on what to do without consultation, this often seems as autocratic style, though also can be the transactional or transformational leadership style leader; Visionary: The leader who provides long term guidance and vision for the future, the team work is important and especially the trust for a leader; Affiliative: This leader creates harmony within the team as other way the achievement of goals would be not as effective as needed; this style is especially good if the certain group is going to co-operate in the future, they would find ways to achieve goals effectively together as a team; Participative: A leader who generates ideas and develops staff commitment; it is an active leader who also works in a group though he / she clearly states who is the leader; Pace-setting: This leader promotes high standards and task accomplishments as he / she finds the reward as the best way to motivate his group; statistics show that money as motivation is not the most important part for job satisfactory, but still this kind of leaders are quite common; Coaching: A leader who promotes self-development and further education; it is a sort of investment in group for facing future tasks; also very effective if the team would work together for a long period of time. The Hay group found that the most effective ward managers are flexible in their approach and used a variety of these leadership styles in order to get the best performance from their staff (Kenmore, 2008). However there is no comparative study of leadership styles carried out within Irish nursing on this scale which identifies an opportunity for further research in order to gain better understanding in the Irish context. In Ireland the National Clinical Leadership Programme (2008) was set up by the Office of the Nursing Midwifery Services Directory (ONMSD) to assist nurse managers to develop leadership skills which support the new and expanded ways of delivering quality patient care. This programme was adopted from the Royal College of Nursings (RCN) Clinical Leadership Programme framework which aims to develop transformational leadership qualities in participants (Clinical Leadership Pilot Evaluation Report, 2008). The theoretical framework focuses on: Learning to self manage Developing effective relationships Patient focus Networking Political Awareness This leadership programme has since been developed further by the ONMSD to become the National Leadership Development Project. This project has developed competencies which promote clinical leaders. These, the ONMSD believe, are the key to providing better care and developing leadership within nursing. This pilot project commenced in March 2011 with the completion date set for 2012. (NLDP, 2010). So far, this project received positive reviews by many researchers of health care studies and the nurses themselves. Defining Job satisfaction history and current thoughts Job satisfaction is defined by Locke (1969) as: a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. It is described as a positive affective orientation towards employment by Muller McCloskey (1990). Job satisfactory is a crucial factor which influences individuals personal appearance in his / her work sphere which can result in increasing or decreasing effectiveness in job duties. As a formal area of research, job satisfaction did not really exist until the mid 1930s although there was a good deal of qualitative research and theorizing about the concept of job satisfaction. These included Freud (1922) who felt that morale acted to suppress negative tendencies, encouraging personal sacrifice and commitment to group goals. Janet (1907) theorized that repetitive work encouraged one to dwell on negative thoughts and cause obsessive thinking. Historically, researchers were interested in job satisfaction as a means of increasing productivity. Scientific management theory assumed that above all things, workers value economic incentives and would be willing to work harder for economic incentives. Taken these two opinions into account it is seen that the lack of personal or moral satisfaction still was not discussed widely. This led to the Hawthorne studies which were carried out by Professor Elton Mayo from the Harvard Business School between 1927 and 1932. This study began by examining the effect of physical conditions on productivity, however in the course of his investigations he became convinced that factors of a social nature were affecting job satisfaction and productivity. This study revealed that the feelings and attitudes of workers affected production rates and this led to him introducing an interview programme to assess the nature of the relationship between methods of supervision and workers attitudes. As a result of these interviews it became apparent that small changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity but further investigations reveled that this increase resulted, not from the changes in conditions, but from the knowledge that workers were being observed. In other words when interest was shown in workers their productivity increased but when this interest was withdrawn , the productivity fell. This later became known as the Hawthorne effect. This research provided strong evidence that people work for other purposes than pay as well and sparked a wave in research into other factors which affect job satisfaction. After these studies and thoughts about job satisfactory, numbers of tools for measuring job satisfaction appear. One of the most commonly used is Maslows theory of human needs (1954). Maslow asserted that human needs emerge sequentially according to a hierarchy of five need levels: physiological, safety, affiliation, achievement and esteem and self-actualization. Maslow argued that the satisfied need was not a motivator of behavior and therefore the importance of higher needs increases as lower needs are satisfied. This was followed by Herzberg et al (1959) who went on to develop a theory of job satisfaction based on Maslows hierarchy and concluded that not all factors increase satisfaction. They conclude that there was a relationship between job satisfaction and certain work behaviors as well as between job dissatisfaction and other work behaviors. Hertzberg concluded that satisfaction and dissatisfaction were two totally different phenomena which develop from distinct sources and h ad differing initial and long term effects on behavior. Hertzberg also found that the factors related to good feelings towards ones job were achievement and recognition, the nature of the work itself, responsibility, advancement and salary. The bad feelings towards the job stemmed from company policy and administration, technical supervision, the question of payment, interpersonal relationships with supervisors and working conditions. Hertzbergs basic proposition is that workers are driven by two different factors; hygiene and motivation factors. Hygiene needs related to the physical and psychological environment in which the work is done while motivational factors relate to the nature and the challenge of the work itself. However, there has been severe criticism of Hertzbergs theory due to its lack of empirical support as well as the very idea of job satisfactory did not provide examples of fairly different job spheres. The job satisfaction of nurses There is a wealth of literature relating to job satisfaction in general management literature and to a lesser extent, in nursing literature. From the moment when job satisfaction became a field of psychological interest, numbers of considerable researches has been done on various aspects of job satisfaction. One of the most notable studies was carried out by the Hay group and it would be mentioned further. Job satisfaction is not easily defined mostly because it means different things to different people. Job satisfaction is multifaceted and can be affected by both internal and external factors. Atchison (2003) lists pay as the most important external factor but states that internal factors such as a good boss, professional development and a nurturing work environment are even more important. This is borne out by the extensive study carried out by the Hay group (1999) of over 500,000 employees in 300 locations where they found that employees rated pay and benefits in only 10th position in the reasons for employee satisfaction. According to Atchison (2003), pay checks are entitlements and not motivators. The only time a pay check is motivating is when there is a threat of loss of the pay check. Atchison (2003) states, that job satisfaction to nurses is unique as what motivates nurses is not so much pay and conditions but rather the well-being of the patient and a sense of a job well don e. What is more, not payment, but the patient is one of the most important figures in nurses job. Even when the patient outcome is not positive a nurse may feel a sense of satisfaction having met the patients needs spiritually, physically and psychologically. This is defined by the Hay group (1999) as Meaningful work, making a difference and is cited as the 3rd most common reason given by employees for wanting to stay with a company. Pay ranked at only 10th place as a reason for staying, though this may vary in other countries depending on nursing conditions, economy, etc. This research lists ten reasons overall (Hay group, 1999): Career growth, learning and development Exciting work, challenging Meaningful work, making a difference Great people Being part of a team Good boss Recognition for job well done Autonomy, sense of control over ones work Flexible work hours and dress code Fair pay and benefits This is re-iterated by Lebbin (2007) who says that many people who work in health care are motivated by improving the health and well-being of their patients. He goes on to state that staff dissatisfaction cannot be fixed by increasing pay and benefits but by the organization addressing its primary goal which is caring. Blegin (1993) found that factors affecting employee satisfaction were: employer commitment, communication with supervisors, autonomy, recognition, and peer communication. This study also found that stress and routinization negatively affected employees satisfaction. Basically, if an employee meets constant stress in work place or the job becomes as a routine, the changes are necessary, and the payment is rarely a sol

Prostitution :: essays papers

Prostitution Prostitution is an issue which has caused controversy cross-culturally and historically and which has many individuals reexamining the logistics of it. If prostitution is decriminalized it will become economically profitable and feasible for not only the prostitutes, but also western society as a whole. Without the 20th century western laws, which force prostitution underground, the profession of prostitution could become a clean and safe occupation. Prostitution laws are unconstitutional and deny the prostitutes what the American constitution allows them. Prostitution is an illegal act in Canada and large portions of the United States which, if legalized, would protect and benefit 20th century western society. If sanctioned, prostitution will become economically lucrative for the governments involved. The colossal amount of money spent each year on prostitute prevention could be spent on more urgent issues, which is exactly wha the San Francisco Task Force on Prostitution found. The total costs accounted for in this report amounts to $7,634,750.00. Given the many areas in which we found that information is not available, or there are hidden costs, the over all expense to the taxpayer exceeds $7.6 million annually.1 The San Francisco Task Force is a group of researchers, police officers, members of the San Francisco community, government officials and prostitutes, who frequently meet to discuss the issues of prostitution and to try to come to some solution. Although they may not always agree, two issues they are in agreement about are that the $7.6 million dollars would be better spent elsewhere and that prostitution should be legalized.. Robert Noce of Manitoba city council wants reform of the Canadian Justice System and he would like to see prostitution become worthwhile to Canadian taxpayers. Quite frankly, for anyone to suggest to me a dating or escort agency is just offering companionship is being quite naive. Let's not try to bury our heads in the sand and pretend nothing else is going on. Instead of pretending these establishments don't exist let's instead be logical about this and try to use the profits that we could be making, in a wise and useful manner. I think that the highest paying customers for prostitution is us Canadians, in the money we put into fighting this futile cause.2 Instead of putting millions of dollars into stopping this consensual act, the money saved and made from the legalization of prostitution can be spent on fighting child prostitution and coerced prostitution. These two crimes are becoming rampant across North America, but lack of funds prevents a serious effort from being made to fight against them. If brothels and prostitutes were to be taxed like any other place of

Fault lines in Canadian Society Essay

There are existing tensions or fault lines in Canada amongst different regions. Fault lines according to Bone (2012) are the geological phenomenon where there are cracks on the crust of earth due to the tectonic forces. In relation to Canada, fault lines are political, social and economic cracks that divide people and regions and they also threaten to destabilize the integrity of Canada as a nation. According to Bone (2012), the geography of Canada is characterized by four tensional fault lines, and they include; English and French Canadians, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, centrist and decentrist forces, and the immigration forces. These are the forces that have ensured Canada remain a nation of regions. There are six regions in Canada and they include Quebec, Atlantic Canada, Western Canada, Ontario, territorial north and British Columbia. The essay will majorly discuss the Aboriginal/ non- Aboriginal fault line by comparing and contrasting the circumstances of their current existence in certain physiographic regions in Canada. The Aboriginal/no-Aboriginal fault line The 1982 Constitutional Act referred to the indigenous people of Canada which includes Mà ©tis, Indians and the Inuit as Aboriginal peoples. This means that they are the Canadian people who trace their ancestry to the native inhabitants of Canada who came from North America before the Europeans came in 15th century. The non Aboriginal people have no ancestry or blood relations to the Aboriginals. Status (registered) Indians has certain rights according to 1985 Indian Act and registered and acknowledged by the federal government such as exemption from generated tax from reserves. The non-status Indians are not registered but have Indian ancestry hence has no rights according to the Indian act. Similarly, the Treaty Indians are registered Indians who can prove descent from the band that signed treaties and hence has legal rights of living in reserves. The Inuit are located mainly in Arctic, while the Mà ©tis are individuals of North American and European Indian ancestry. Harring & OSCLH (2013) pointed out that the Aboriginal/non Aboriginal front line in Canada is the most complex one. Its complexity is as a result of the historical relations tangled between the European settlers and the Aboriginal people. The first entanglement occurred between the Aboriginal peoples and the British crown and later Ottawa. According to Bone (2012), the class between the settlers and the natives for land, the federal governments’ forced assimilation policies added to the complexity and further solidified the distrust of the Aboriginal people to the crown and the Canadian state. The policies which failed to create a big difference between the Aboriginal people and the other parts of Canada. The consequence later was a disaster to the Aboriginal people who were pushed to the Canadians society’s margin, faced racism, ended up dependant on Ottawa and became ignored and invincible Canadian society members. An example of their isolation as observed by Harring & OSCLH (2013) are the treaty Indians got the vote participate in federal elections only in 1960 Circumstances of the current existence of Aboriginal people in Eastern Woodlands of south Ontario and Quebec in the Grand River Valley The Haldimand Grant In 1763, the British formed an alliance with Pontiac, the chief of Odawa as well as other Indian leaders with an aim of holding the Ohio valley lands. George III strategically issued a royal proclamation in 1763 which west of Appalachian Mountains as the lands for the Indians (Bone, 2012). However, after the American Revolution in which the Americans won, the proclaimed Indian lands in the Ohio valley ceased existing as many settlers hungry for land spread across the Appalachian Mountains. Moreover, the defeated Indians moved to Canada where they received the first major land grant termed as the â€Å"Haldimand Grant of 1784† (Harring & OSCLH, 2013). According to Bone (2012), the main purpose of the grant was to reward the Indian Iroquois who fought alongside the British during the American Revolution. Bone (2012) highlighted that lord Haldimand, the Governor of Quebec, in his proclamation prohibited the sale or lease of the land to anybody but only the government. The said tract of land extended from Grand River source in the present southwester Ontario to the river’s mouth at Lake Ontario. This explains the circumstances of the existence of the Aboriginal people and non existence of the non Aboriginal people around the area of the Grand River between la kes Huron, Erie and Ontario. Circumstances of the current existence of Aboriginal people in Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Quebec ad Labrador Taking over of the Indian rights by Canada The 1867 British North America Act shifted the responsibility for the Aboriginal people from Great Britain to Canada (Harring & OSCLH, 2013). Subsequently, the government of Canada enacted the restrictive Indian act. The effect of the legislation was to isolate the Indian tribes from the rest of the Canadian society, in addition to stripping them governance powers. This was based on assumptions that the Indians cannot govern themselves or manage their affairs. Therefore, the federal government through the Department of Indian Affairs was entrusted with the duty to be their guardian until they were fully integrated into the Canadian society (Harring & OSCLH, 2013). This was in contrast to the Haldimand Grant which gave the aboriginal people land, allowed them to govern themselves and did not implement restrictive laws to the Indians. Bone (2012) indicated that the federal department consequently intervened in many issues including management of the Indian lands, band issues, money, and resources with the main aim of assimilating them into the Canadian society. This promoted dependency and left the affairs of the bands on the hands of the local agents who were Indians, hence suppressing the initiatives of the Indians (Bone, 2012). The isolation of the Indians in Canada was done by denying them citizenship rights including voting rights. In contrast, the British crown did not create dependency from the aboriginal people. Moreover, they did not manage the land on behalf of the Indians like the federal government of Canada does. As much as the Indians were being suppressed in reserves, the Mà ©tis and the Inuit were not included in the Act but they also had to live in the Canadian society where they were not fully accepted. Currently, the Inuit have homes in Nunavut, Quebec and even Labrador. Land claim treaties With almost the whole of the British Columbia province tied up in several land treaties, the relationship between the Aboriginal and the non Aboriginal communities are highly strained. According to Harring & OSCLH (2013), the Aboriginal rights are collective rights that originate from the occupation of land by the Aboriginal people before contact. These treaty rights apply mostly to the Inuit and the status Indians unlike the Mà ©tis who are less protected by the rights. When the governance of the federal government and the British crown are compared, there are similarities in that both embraced treaties with the aboriginal communities on land and settlement issues Mà ©tis Rights The less protection of the Mà ©tis by the Aboriginal rights stems back from 1870 when the Ottawa accepted that the Mà ©tis has Aboriginal rights because of the Indian ancestry (Bone, 2012). The government further gave individual members of the Mà ©tis community land grants in a three component agreement. The first component of the agreement indicated that the occupied land before 1870 by the Mà ©tis became private property, second the Mà ©tis children had eligibility of 140 acres, and lastly each Mà ©tis family head received in scrip 160 acres which could be sold or claimed in Manitoba. Furthermore, the federal government of the day set 1.4 million acres in Manitoba for the estimated 10,000 Mà ©tis children in 1871(Bone, 2012). However, the allocation was increased to 240 acres after census which found there only 5000 Mà ©tis children (Bone, 2012). However, Harring & OSCLH (2013) pointed out that few Mà ©tis people claimed their land allocated to them and majority sold leavi ng them landless. Compared to the Indians of the Grand River Valley, there is similarity because both Mà ©tis and Indians were given land by the authorities of the day As much it is a historic fact that many Mà ©tis dispersal from the Red River Valley, the reasons for their dispersal remains a controversy with two interpretations. According to Ottawa, the rights were distinguished in accordance to Manitoba Act of 1870 by giving the scrip to the Mà ©tis. This is supported by Harring & OSCLH (2013) who argued that the federal government of that time did not act in bad faith as much it was slow in settling the claims by the Mà ©tis. In contrast, Bone (2012) argued that the Mà ©tis communities were victims of federal government’s deliberate conspiracy to prevent the land of Mà ©tis community in Manitoba. However, the matter was settled by the Supreme Court in 2013, in a case filed by Manitoba Mà ©tis Foundation, which ruled in favor of the Mà ©tis. Treaty rights The treaties favored the Aboriginal people because they defined the reserve lands that were collectively held by the band in addition to negotiating other beneficial rights for the communities. Harring & OSCLH (2013) elaborated that there were different reasons for signing treaties and it depended on the historical contexts. For instance, late 19th century treaties were signed to remove others tribes for the settlers. To the Aboriginal people, any treaty to them was a land promise as well as a shift support from hunting and nomadism to more settled farming. Therefore, this was a protection from the influx of the settlers during that time and a guarantee of government protection. Bone (2012) pointed out that the conflicting ideas from the crown authorities and the first nation, on the treaties significance shaped the relations between non Aboriginal and Aboriginal people. For instance, during the crown authorities viewed the treaties as mechanisms for extinguishing the rights of the Aboriginals and the land titles and hence opening up the lands for the settlers to do agriculture. In contrast, the Aboriginal people understood the treaties as agreements between the authorities to share resources and land. With the diverse perceptions, it was inevitable to have disagreements between the Aboriginal and the non Aboriginal people. Modern treaties For many years the legal meaning of Aboriginal land title has changed until 1970, when Ottawa recognized two land rights forms, which are the reserve land and the crown land. The reserve land was a type of ownership or right where the government of Canada held land for the Indian people. In contrast, the Indians had limitless right to use the crown land for trappings and hunting. This implies that the Indians were allowed to freely enjoy and use the crown land the crown lands without making any claims on it in form of ownership. According to (Harring & OSCLH, 2013), the crown lands included the lands where there were no settlements in Canada. However, the Aboriginals, the Mà ©tis, Inuit and Indian families lived and used the crown lands to fish, trap and hunt. However, Bone (2012) pointed out that the provincial governments and the federal governments could sell the crown lands to corporations or individuals or even lease them for specific purposes such as logging or even mineral ex ploration without compensating the Aboriginal inhabitants and users of the land. As much as many groups among the Aboriginal people did not have treaties with the federal government and therefore no control over the lands, many events changed this situation radically. To begin, the emergence of the emergence of educated leaders who understood legal and political systems who used the courts to force the provincial and federal governments to address issues o the Aboriginals concerning land claims. For instance, the Nisga’a residing in northern British Columbia took their claim for land in court in a case known as the Calder case. As much as the Supreme Court in 1973 ruled against their favor narrowly, six out of the seven judges were in agreement that the title for Aboriginal on the land existed at the confederation time in brutish Columbia. Similarly, that same year, the federal government was in agreement that the Aboriginal people who had not signed a treaty may also have a claim on the crown lands (Bone, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, as Bone (2012) proposed, there exist fault lines in Canadian society. The current existence of the Aboriginal/ non Aboriginal fault line in Canada in some parts of Canada has been due to many circumstances. The Haldimand Grant occurrence saw the existence of the Aboriginal people around the Grand River valley. The taking over of the Indian rights by Canadian federal governments has seen suppression, restriction and confinement of the Aboriginal people in reserves and this also explains there existences in certain parts. Moreover, the treaties signed between the Aboriginals and the crown authorities and also with the cabadian federal governments in a bid to protect their land rights have seen the existence of the Aboriginals in certain parts of the country. References Bone, R. M. (2012). The Canadian north: Issues and challenges. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press. Harring, S. L., & Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. (2013). White man’s law: Native people in nineteenth-century Canadian jurisprudence. Toronto, Ont: Published for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press. Source document